| Job Title |
Number |
Totals |
| Paper (1) |
|
|
| Paper & Allied Products |
617,100 |
|
| Paper & Paper Products |
254,800 |
|
| Scrap & Waste Materials |
105,000 |
|
| Sanitary Services |
170,400 |
|
| Paper Industry Subtotal |
1,147,300 |
1,147,300 |
| Printing |
|
|
| Printing Machine Operators (2) |
220,000 |
|
| Prepress Workers (3) |
162,000 |
|
| Bindery Workers (4) |
115,000 |
|
| Bookbinders (5) |
7,500 |
|
| Photographic Process Workers (6) |
26,000 |
|
| Photoengravers (7) |
0 |
|
| Job Printers (8) |
50,070 |
|
| Mail Machine Operators (9) |
0 |
|
| Printing Subtotal |
580,570 |
580,570 |
| Postal Service (10) |
|
|
| Headquarters |
10,157 |
|
| Field Career Employees |
742,792 |
|
| Non-Career Employees |
101,427 |
|
| Postal Service Subtotal |
854,376 |
854,376 |
| Delivery Services |
|
|
| United Parcel Service (U.S.) (11) |
320,000 |
|
| FedEx (Worldwide) (12) |
184,953 |
|
| DHL Worldwide (Americas) (13) |
16,000 |
|
Mail Clerks
(Non-Postal Service) (14) |
166,000 |
|
| Messengers (15) |
141,000 |
|
| Delivery Services Subtotal |
827,953 |
827,953 |
| Editorial |
|
|
| Reporters (16) |
56,160 |
|
| Writers & Editors (17) |
305,000 |
|
| Archivists (18) |
13,860 |
|
| Visual Artists (19) |
147,000 |
|
Proofreaders
& Copy Markers (20) |
25,200 |
|
| Editorial Subtotal |
547,220 |
547,220 |
| Communications |
|
|
Marketing, Advertising
& PR Managers (21) |
349,910 |
|
| Sales Agents, Advertising (22) |
144,830 |
|
| Advertising Clerks (23) |
0 |
|
| Public Relations Specialists (24) |
132,390 |
|
Less:
Non-Print Factor (32.9 %) (25) |
180,035 |
|
| Communications Subtotal |
367,185 |
367,185 |
| Forestry & Logging |
|
|
Forest &
Conservation Workers (26) |
21,000 |
|
Foresters
and Conservation Scientists (27) |
29,000 |
|
| Logging Equipment Operators (28) |
47,000 |
|
| Fallers & Buckers (29) |
18,000 |
|
| Log Graders & Scalers(30) |
8,000 |
|
| Forest and Conservation Technicians(31) |
18,000 |
|
| Forestry & Logging Subtotal |
141,000 |
141,000 |
| Library Personnel |
|
|
| Librarians (32) |
149,000 |
|
| Library Technicians (33) |
109,000 |
|
| Library Assistants, Clerical (34) |
98,000 |
|
| Library Subtotal |
356,000 |
356,000 |
| |
|
|
| Total |
|
4,821,604 |
1. Figures for the paper industry were taken from the National Employment, Hours and Earnings database operated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and found on the Internet at 146.142.4.24/labjava/outside.jsp?survey=ee.
Using preliminary estimates for February 2003 which have not been seasonally adjusted, the categories used include:
- SIC Code 322600 -- Paper & Allied Products
- SIC Code 535110 -- Paper & Paper Products
- SIC Code 525093 -- Scrap & Waste Materials
- SIC Code 424950 -- Sanitary Services
These categories were used in the study, "Taking Note Of The Paper Industry," as published in the Monthly Labor Review, September 1997.
2. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Printing Machine Operators, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos231.htm (visited April 18, 2003).
3. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Prepress Technicians and Workers, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos230.htm (visited April 18, 2003).
4. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Bookbinders and Bindery Workers, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos232.htm (visited April 18, 2003).
5. "Bookbinders," 2000 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
6. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos241.htm (visited April 18, 2003).
This is a category that now relies on the availability of photographic papers. In the future, as digital processing becomes more common, it is likely that the number of workers in this category will decline while paper usage will expand. Figures from our 2001 Jobs Study showed 63,000 workers in this category, there are now 26,000, so already the job loss is profound. Paper usage can be expected to increase because with digital processing more people will, in effect, become "photo processors" in the same way that the widespread use of computer printers has allowed more people to become "printers."
7. "Photoengravers" are now included with prepress workers. (See: 2000 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, Bureau of Labor Statistics.) There were 3,920 photoengravers in our 2001 Jobs Study.
8. "Job Printers," 2000 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
9. Mail Machine Operators (Code 56008), according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Operate machines that: Emboss names, addresses, and other matter onto metal plates for use in addressing machines; print names, addresses, and similar information onto items such as envelopes, accounting forms, and advertising literature; address, fold, stuff, seal, and stamp mail; and open envelopes. Exclude workers who prepare incoming and outgoing mail for distribution by hand." Now included under non-postal mail clerks. See Note 14 below.
10. The figures for Postal Service employment come from the "Operating Statistics" included in the 2002 Annual Report of the United States Postal Service, page 51.
11. "UPS Fact Sheet," United Parcel Service. UPS reports a total of 360,000 employees of whom 320,000 are in the U.S. We have elected to use the lower figure.
12. 2002 FedEx Annual Report, page 50.
13. DHL employment include all Deutsche Post World Net employees in the U.S. See:Competition Within The United States Parcel Delivery Market, page 41. Published in 2003 by the Association for Postal Commerce (PostCom).
14. "Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service" 2001 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
15. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Couriers and Messengers, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos136.htm (visited April 18, 2003).
16. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, News Analysts, Reporters, and Correspondents, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos088.htm (visited April 18, 2003).
The BLS says "News analysts, reporters, and correspondents held about 78,000 jobs in 2000. Nearly half worked for newspapers -- either large city dailies or suburban and small town dailies or weeklies. About 28 percent worked in radio and television broadcasting, and others worked for magazines and wire services. About 12,000 news analysts, reporters, and correspondents were self-employed." If 28 percent work in electronic media, then 72 percent or 56,160 (78,000 x 72 percent) work for outlets which rely on paper. There are 67,000 individuals in this category, however 30 percent work in radio and television. The remainder, 46,900, work in print media.
17. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Writers and Editors, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos089.htm (visited April 18, 2003).
18. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Archivists, Curators, and Museum Technicians, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos065.htm (visited April 18, 2003). Archivists, curators, and museum technicians held 21,000 jobs in 2000. About 34 percent were employed in museums, botanical gardens, and zoos, etc., are thus not included in this chart. The result is that 66 percent are included: 21,000 x 66% = 13,860.
19. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Artists and Related Workers, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos092.htm (visited April 18, 2003). Note that some portion of all visual artists work in electronic media, but that such activities are often converted into paper-based products.
20. Proofreaders and Copy Markers, 2001 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such workers, says BLS, "Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Exclude(s) workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Include proofreaders of Braille."
21. "Marketing, Advertising, and Public Relations Managers" was previously a single category under the Bureau of Labor Statistics system. It has now been broken into three divisions: Marketing managers (189,140); Advertising and Promotions Managers (85,850 jobs); and public relations managers (64,920 jobs) -- a total of 349,910. This figure compares with 477,540 jobs found in the 2001 Jobs Study. See: Management Occupations, 2001 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates.
22. See: Advertising Sales Agents, 2001 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates.
23. In our 2001 Jobs Study the Bureau of Labor Statistics listed 14, 700 "advertising clerks". This category, code 53908, appears to have been discontinued.
24. See: Public Relations Specialists, 2001 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates.
25. Within the Communications category are a total of 627,130 jobs, according to figures taken from various government reports. However, a percentage of jobs within this category must relate largely to radio and television rather than print-based media.
One way to account for jobs within the electronic media is to consider the division of revenues among major media categories. Robert Coen, senior vice president and director of forecasting for McCann-Erickson Worldwide, publishes a continuing series of advertising expenditure reports which estimate that total 2002 advertising spending will amount to $237.4 billion. (See: Robert Coen's Insider's Report, December 2002)
Major categories in the Coen report include:
| Local Television |
$13,060,000,000 |
| Local Radio |
$14,910,000,000 |
| Four TV Networks |
$15,300,000,000 |
| Spot TV |
$10,335,000,000 |
| Cable TV |
$11,890,000,000 |
| Syndicated TV |
$3,135,000,000 |
| National Radio |
$4,030,000,000 |
| Internet |
$5,465,000,000 |
| Non-Print Media Subtotal |
$78,125,000,000 |
| Local Newspapers |
$37,770,000,000 |
| Local Yellow Pages |
$11,620,000,000 |
| Other Local Media |
$14,520,000,000 |
| Magazines |
$10,990,000,000 |
| National Newspaper Ads |
$6,680,000,000 |
| Direct Mail |
$45,860,000,000 |
| Yellow Pages |
$2,100,000,000 |
| Other National Media |
$29,830,000,000 |
| Print Subtotal |
$159,370,000,000 |
| |
|
| Total |
$237,495,000,000 |
Within local and national advertising, radio, television, Internet, and cable spending account for 32.2 percent of all revenues. If there are a total of 547,220 jobs in the communication category, and we deduct 32.9 percent (180,035 jobs), we are left with an estimated 367,185 positions relating to print media. This is a substantial decline since our 2001 Jobs Survey when 487,374 media positions were identified.
26. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Forest, Conservation, and Logging Workers, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos178.htm (visited April 18, 2003).
27. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Conservation Scientists and Foresters, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos048.htm (visited April 19, 2003).
28. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Forest, Conservation, and Logging Workers, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos178.htm (visited April 19, 2003).
29. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Forest, Conservation, and Logging Workers , on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos178.htm (visited April 19, 2003).
30. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Forest, Conservation, and Logging Workers , on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos178.htm (visited April 19, 2003).
31. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Science Technicians, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos115.htm (visited April 19, 2003).
32. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Science Technicians, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos068.htm (visited April 19, 2003).
33. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Library Technicians, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos113.htm (visited April 19, 2003).
34. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Library Assistants, Clerical, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos147.htm (visited April 19, 2003).
|
Pulp & Paper
